Terrorists from across the borders entering India are often exploiting weaknesses in border infrastructure and use technology and cyberspace to create technology to propagate their thinking.crimes. And are continuously supported from beyond the Indian borders, primarily misusing modern technology for funding or Command and Control purposes.

Prevention of violent extremism in India is an important and necessary requirement for the country. Such efforts need multi-dimensional coordination between Armed Forces and various National law enforcement agencies.

Today’s asymmetric warfare requires newer tools and techniques to keep pace with the changing times. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is evolving as a very effective and well-established technique in counter-terrorism and is the way ahead for Indian Armed Forces to undertake ‘predictive counter-terrorism’ measures so as to prevent violent extremism in hotbeds of terrorism like Northern Command of Army.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Broadly, AI refers to the Information Systems capable of performing tasks that resemble human problem-solving abilities, use computer algorithms or rule-sets to do things that would normally require human intelligence.

“AI is a tool that carries out functionalities encoded in them, which are inherited from the intelligence of their human programmers. However, with the correct set of data, these AI engines can be trained to learn to identify patterns and information which may be humanly impossible, especially while working with huge digital database moving at a high data rate,” Milind Kulshreshtha, C4I expert says.

AI and Counter-Terrorism

For India, terrorism is no new entity and the Nation is familiar with violent activities throughout. It is well established that the terrorists, along with those who inspire them, represents a major transnational challenge, with detection and disruption of such groups always being a priority. The dynamic means of terror financing is one of the key factors in the proliferation of anti-social activities. Along with the changing times, terrorism and its connectivity too has become highly digital and are benefitting from cyber-crime networks.

The use of various AI techniques such as Facial Recognition, Artificial Neural Networks and Social Network Analysis are some of the popular tools. “An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with a feed-forward back propagation network has been found to establish with a high degree of certainty various deceptive behaviour patterns. Such tools in hands of investigator support system would be valuable in the identification of terrorists. A Social Network Analysis tool is particularly suitable for analyzing terrorist networks since they take relationships into account, rather than only attributes, which are otherwise difficult to obtain for covert networks. Dark-web based investigations are of main interest here, apart from analysis of social media platforms like Facebook, Blogs, Twitter etc,” explains Kulshreshtha, C4I expert.

Digital Database for AI Implementation

India has established a wide range of surveillance and data gathering advance tools. And, through database-centric schemes like National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID), Network Traffic Analysis System (NETRA) and the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS), law enforcement agencies have achieved centrally a Lawful Intercept and Monitoring (LIM) system. Post 2008 Mumbai terror attack, these mechanisms got a big boost.

Explaining how this will work, Kulshreshtha says, “The AI work may start by collecting information on `lessons learnt’ after each terrorist skirmish in a specified data format. This record shall have the profile of a terrorist and their tactics, while also recording own shortcomings for improvement. In time, with past and subsequent data sets, Indian Defence Forces shall have an institutionalized database on each terrorist activity or engagement which is geotagged and linked to various other factors like weather etc.”

“This data, when stored in AI relevant format, is highly useful for training the prediction algorithm and with some iterations shall be able to through results on next likely move of the terrorists based on various circumstances like weather conditions or when cornered inside a building etc. With this, the present human-based experience shall be harnessed within the AI engine and form the basis of predictive counter-terrorism. This shall assist in gaining effective progress against terrorists while ensuring the safety of personnel on Ground Zero.”

Make In India Initiative

DRDO lab Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is nodal agency for research and development in the areas of AI and Robotics for the Defence Forces. Despite being accredited with certifications like CMMI ML2 or ISO 9001:2015, involvement in resolving field-level solutions for soldiers in high risk areas have been an ever-widening gap.

“The NITI Aayog’s National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence had no mention of Armed Forces or Security forces in the Charter, probably a report driven more by the Industry initiative. With pandemic highlighting various human vulnerabilities, and Prime Minister’s initiative of ‘atmanirbhar’, this can be considered as an opportunity for Defence Forces to undertake their own problem-solving by extending the Financial Powers at GOC level for execution of AI Projects directly with the Industry so as to develop solutions to meet their local requirements, to which only they are well versed when compared to Central Agencies in New Delhi,” he suggests.

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I am a miner who has to delve deep for precious stuff. But I don’t need massive drilling machines or gigantic trucks for mining — just some smart software, lots patience and some intellect. I try to find patterns while mining for data in an ocean of database, which helps companies take important business decisions.

I have to search and extract raw data from a client’s database or the Internet to gain an insight into buyers’ purchase behaviour — such as how often they shop or what they buy. The information helps companies to determine their business strategy — how to sharpen marketing tools and reach out to potential customers, sell the product in volumes, beat competitors in the field and,0 eventually, maximise profits.

Let me explain with an example. Suppose a company wants to foray into the business of selling water bottles for schoolchildren. Our job would be to gather all the information on the current business of bottle manufacturers and marketeers, analyse the data from a digital database and find out what gives a particular company an edge in the market.

Now suppose, the data throws up the information that using copper instead of plastic as an interface has been attracting more and more environment-conscious customers. This finding, based on analysed data, will help the company design and market an innovative product and launch an interactive marketing campaign.

It can be in the form of an email blast — a single email that is sent to a large group of recipients — to possible customers. We’ll support the marketing team segment their lists — it can target groups of students in specific schools — where the campaign will be launched. Later, after the bottle is sold, we create reports and documents that analyse the success or failure of the direct and interactive marketing campaign based on the sales report. Eventually, through trial and error the company is able to build a bestseller product.

I work as a digital data analyst at a data consultancy company based in Calcutta. The retail business is just one of the sectors that use data mining. Industries such as banking, insurance, healthcare and even movie production are competing on the predictive models of consumer behaviour built through mined data. My seniors say Big Data is big business — a virtual goldmine that even industry bigwigs are talking about. Some also say data mining is the new name for age-old analytics or statistical analysis. A background in soft computing or a penchant for working with huge data sets is an advantage in the field.

But, believe it or not, I knew nothing about all this till as recently as four years ago. I didn’t even know how to operate a computer until I was in college.

I grew up in a small village called Ratanpur 20 kilometres south of Calcutta. My father is a farmer who works as a daily wage labourer in the paddy fields. The wages are low despite the back-breaking work he has to put in. And he would often go neck-deep into debt to sustain a family of eight, which included us, five siblings.

I always dreamt of breaking the vicious cycle of poverty while studying in a government high school. My father, however, wanted me and my brother to help him out in the fields. I took admission in Baruipur College, from where I did my bachelor’s in arts. I managed my own expenses by giving tuitions to children in the locality. Thrice a week, I helped my father in the fields.

While studying in college, our village panchayat organised a livelihood seminar. There were a few non-profit organisations that were eager to train youngsters from our village. Anudip Foundation was one of them. Its skill and career development centre was close to our village. It did not promise a job but provided us with a roadmap for a possible career in the information technology sector.

I learnt the fundamentals of computers, hardware of a computer and its peripherals, networking, operating system and so on. I also learnt the basics of communicating in English — I had gone to a Bengali-medium school. Since I was able to pick up these fairly quickly, my teachers at Anudip suggested I take up a course in IT troubleshooting and digital learning, which included advanced technology such as machine learning and artifical intelligence (AI). It sounded quite arcane but I was told that it was all about humans feeding machines with necessary information and data.

I also learned that this was the stuff of AI. For instance, for a self-driving car, the algorithm [a set of mathematical instructions or rules] needs to be taught the meaning of road signs, or to tell the difference between a child and a stray dog, by human workers. People study hours of video footage or photographs and tag or label objects frame by frame.

I got my first job offer, as a data analyst, from my current company after three other interviews. I was very nervous but eventually I qualified. It was not very easy to adjust to a corporate culture. Very soon I picked up the skills of interpreting data, analysing results using statistical techniques and other methods of acquiring data.

I worked hard and got a promotion after three years. I am getting paid handsomely and I am able to help my brother study hotel management so that he doesn’t have to go back to toil in the paddy fields, like my father.

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