The Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan think tank, once asked 979 researchers, tech pros, and policy leaders about the future of artificial intelligence (A.I.). The results weren’t exactly comforting: while 63 percent of respondents believed that A.I. will improve individual lives by 2030, some 37 percent said that the technology won’t benefit humanity. What’s needed, some of those experts claim, is machine “empathy.”

“A number of the thought leaders who participated in this canvassing said humans’ expanding reliance on technological systems will only go well if close attention is paid to how these tools, platforms and networks are engineered, distributed and updated,” read Pew’s report.

The report also quoted a number of those experts. “I strongly believe the answer depends on whether we can shift our economic systems toward prioritizing radical human improvement and staunching the trend toward human irrelevance in the face of A.I,” said Bryan Johnson, founder and CEO of Kernel, a developer of advanced neural interfaces. “I don’t mean just jobs; I mean true, existential irrelevance, which is the end result of not prioritizing human well-being and cognition.”

Other experts had similar suspicions. “A.I. will drive a vast range of efficiency optimizations but also enable hidden discrimination and arbitrary penalization of individuals in areas like insurance, job seeking and performance assessment,” said Andrew McLaughlin, executive director of the Center for Innovative Thinking at Yale University.

Before A.I. can conquer the world (and take a percentage of jobs currently done by humans), it will have to overcome some big technological hurdles. For example, A.I. has no common sense; while you can use machine learning to train a software platform to react to a narrow band of circumstances, it won’t respond in predictable ways to similar situations. Just because you train your vacuum-cleaning robot to not ram into one type of obstacle doesn’t mean it’ll have the judgment to avoid different obstacles.

Organizations such as Google and DARPA are already working on those nuanced problems. However, the experts queried by Pew point to another, more refined issue that may prove critical to A.I. development: empathy.

Based on the collective advice of these experts, Pew recommends that tech pros “build inclusive, decentralized intelligent digital networks ‘imbued with empathy’” that will “aggressively ensure that technology meets social and ethical responsibilities.” Some level of “regulatory and certification process,” it added, “will be necessary.”

Some organizations, most notably OpenAI, are actively trying to create an ethical framework around artificial intelligence and machine learning. Google is also pushing a new program, AI for Social Good, which is meant to tackle some of the planet’s biggest challenges. Will those kinds of initiatives persuade tech pros to move with caution when it comes to this new, potentially dangerous technology? That could become the biggest existential question of all, and whoever figures out “machine empathy” and “artificial soft skills” could end up a winner in the competition to make the perfect A.I.

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Artificial intelligence requires us to draft a social contract with our technology, said Rana El Kaliouby, co-founder and CEO of emotion AI company Affectiva, who presented on emotion and AI at Fortune’s Brainstorm Reinvent conference in Chicago on Monday. We’ve got to trust it, she explained.

To build that trust between humans and technology, El Kaliouby said that empathy is key. In other words, machines have to understand the humans using them. When an Amazon Alexa doesn’t understand its owner’s request, it becomes quite frustrating to the user. El Kaliouby thinks that consumer frustration boils down to Alexa’s lack of empathy.

But, she asked the audience, “What if a computer could tell the difference between a smile and a smirk?”

The face is the gateway to human emotion and interaction. Scientists have been studying facial emotions for hundreds of years. Building off of the work that psychologist Paul Ekman did by mapping facial muscles into action units, AI developers like El Kaliouby can today teach machines to recognize human emotion and react to it.

This empathetic technology is already being used in market research and advertising, according to El Kaliouby. She said that nearly a quarter of all Fortune 500 companies currently use AI to gauge the emotional impact of their advertisements. Individuals can also use the technology to measure their own facial movements to improve their interpersonal interactions or public speaking, she said.

Going forward, she added, emotion AI can be used by teachers to measure how well students are absorbing their lessons, by doctors to help assess the mental health of their patients, and in cars to take the wheel from a drowsy driver.

El Kaliouby wrapped up her presentation by noting that, though there are myriad ethical implications in the increased use of AI, technology is ultimately neutral. Humans choose whether to use it for good or evil and whether to build or break trust.

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