This tutorial is ideal for developers who prefer using the htdocs folder structure instead of the traditional /var/www directory.

Prerequisites

Before starting, ensure you have:

• A Linux server with SSH access
• GitHub repository of your Laravel project
• Apache/XAMPP or LAMP stack installed
• PHP and Composer installed
• Database access (MySQL/MariaDB)
• Basic Linux command knowledge

Step 1: Connect to Your Linux Server

Login via SSH from your local machine:

ssh username@server_ip

Example:

ssh myeventadmin@your_server_ip

Step 2: Update Your Server

Always update packages before setup:

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

Step 3: Install Required Packages

Install Apache, PHP, Git, Composer dependencies, and tools:

sudo apt install apache2 mysql-server unzip git curl -y

Install PHP extensions required by Laravel:

sudo apt install php php-cli php-mysql php-zip php-gd php-mbstring php-curl php-xml libapache2-mod-php -y

Check PHP version:

php -v

Step 4: Install Composer

cd ~
curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer

Verify installation:

composer -V

Step 5: Move to HTDOCS Directory

Depending on your server setup, the htdocs directory may be located at:

/opt/lampp/htdocs

or

/var/www/html

Navigate to htdocs:

cd /opt/lampp/htdocs

Step 6: Clone Laravel Project from GitHub

sudo git clone https://github.com/username/project.git

Move into project folder:

cd project

Step 7: Set Folder Permissions

sudo chown -R daemon:daemon /opt/lampp/htdocs/project
sudo chmod -R 775 storage
sudo chmod -R 775 bootstrap/cache

(If using Apache instead of XAMPP, replace daemon with www-data)

Step 8: Configure Environment File

Create the environment file:

cp .env.example .env
nano .env

Update important settings:

APP_NAME=Laravel
APP_ENV=production
APP_DEBUG=false
APP_URL=http://yourdomain.com

Add your database credentials as well.

Step 9: Install Laravel Dependencies

composer install

Step 10: Generate Application Key

php artisan key:generate

Step 11: Create Database and Run Migration

Login to MySQL:

sudo mysql

Create database:

CREATE DATABASE laravel_db;
EXIT;

Run migrations:

php artisan migrate

Step 12: Configure Apache to Use Public Folder

Edit Apache configuration:

sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf

Add:

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName yourdomain.com
    DocumentRoot "/opt/lampp/htdocs/project/public"

    <Directory "/opt/lampp/htdocs/project">
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

Restart Apache/XAMPP:

sudo /opt/lampp/lampp restart

Step 13: Test Laravel Application

Open browser:

http://your_server_ip/project/public

or

http://yourdomain.com

If everything is configured properly, your Laravel website will be live.

Important Production Tips

• Always set APP_DEBUG=false
• Never make .env publicly accessible
• Ensure correct folder permissions
• Use SSL (HTTPS) for live websites
• Regularly pull updates from GitHub

Conclusion

Deploying a Laravel project using the htdocs directory and GitHub cloning is a practical and efficient workflow for Linux servers running XAMPP or Apache environments. By following this step-by-step process — cloning the repository, configuring environment variables, setting permissions, and configuring Apache — you can successfully deploy your Laravel application in a production-ready environment.

This method is especially useful for developers who prefer traditional htdocs-based hosting environments while maintaining version control through GitHub.

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This table covers the most commonly used Linux commands for daily tasks and their practical tips for effective usage.

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Here are 40 uses of Linux commands for troubleshooting network issues:

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Linux Commands to Troubleshoot Performance Issues

When troubleshooting performance issues on Linux systems, you can use a variety of commands to help diagnose and identify the root cause. Here are some commonly used commands:

1. top: This command shows you the real-time system performance, highlighting processes and their resource usage.

$ top

2. ps: It lists running processes on the system, allowing you to see their resource consumption.

$ ps aux

3. htop: Similar to top, htop provides an interactive and colorful process viewer with more features.

$ htop

4. vmstat: This command provides information about overall system performance, including memory, CPU, and I/O statistics.

$ vmstat

5. iostat: You can use iostat to monitor and collect statistics related to input/output (I/O) devices, including disks.

$ iostat -d

6. sar: The sysstat package provides sar, a command-line utility that collects, reports, and analyzes system activity.

$ sar -u

7. netstat: Use this command to gather information about network connections, interfaces, and stats.

$ netstat -a

8. iftop: It helps you monitor network bandwidth usage by displaying a real-time interactive interface.

$ iftop

9. dmesg: This command shows kernel ring buffer messages, which can be useful for investigating hardware-related issues.

$ dmesg

10. free: It provides information about available and used memory on the system.

$ free -m

These commands should give you a good starting point to troubleshoot performance issues on Linux.

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To troubleshoot Linux network issues, there are several essential commands and techniques you can use. Here are some of them:

1. Ping: Use the ping command to check network connectivity and test reachability to a remote host. For example, ping google.com.

2. ifconfig: This command helps you view and configure network interfaces. For example,

ifconfig eth0

3. ip: The ip command is a powerful replacement for ifconfig. It provides more advanced functionality and information about network interfaces. For instance, ip addr show.

4. netstat: Use the netstat command to display network statistics, active network connections, and listening ports. For example,

netstat -tuln

5. traceroute: This command helps you trace the route that packets take to reach a destination host. It provides information about each hop along the path. For example,

traceroute google.com

6. nslookup/dig: These commands are used to perform DNS lookups and retrieve DNS-related information about domains and IP addresses. For example,

nslookup google.com or dig A google.com

7. tcpdump: tcpdump allows you to capture and analyze network traffic. It can be helpful in diagnosing network-related issues. For example,

tcpdump -i eth0

8. ss: The ss command provides detailed information about network sockets, both listening and established connections. For instance,

ss -tuna

9. iptables: iptables is a powerful firewall management tool. It is used to set up, maintain, and inspect rules for packet filtering and network address translation (NAT). For example,

iptables -L

10. Wireshark: Wireshark is a GUI-based network protocol analyzer. It allows you to capture and examine network traffic in real-time or from saved capture files. It can help you identify and troubleshoot network issues at a deeper level.

These commands can help you identify and diagnose network issues on a Linux system.

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Troubleshooting a Linux server often involves using a variety of command-line tools to diagnose and resolve issues. Here are the top 50 Linux commands that can be used for troubleshooting a Linux server:

1. ls: List directory contents.
2. cd: Change directory.
3. pwd: Print working directory.
4. top: Monitor system processes.
5. ps: Display process status.
6. kill: Terminate a process.
7. cat: Concatenate and display files.
8. tail: Display the last lines of a file.
9. grep: Search for patterns in files.
10. find: Search for files and directories.
11. netstat: Network statistics.
12. ifconfig/ip: View and configure network interfaces.
13. ping: Send ICMP echo requests to a network host.
14. traceroute: Determine the route packets take to a destination.
15. dig: DNS lookup utility.
16. ssh: Securely connect to a remote server.
17. scp: Securely copy files between hosts.
18. rsync: Sync and transfer files between systems.
19. df: Display disk usage statistics.
20. du: Estimate file and directory space usage.
21. mount: Mount filesystems.
22. umount: Unmount filesystems.
23. service/systemctl: Manage system services.
24. lsof: List open files and processes.
25. chmod/chown: Change file permissions and ownership.
26. uname: Print system information.
27. history: Display command history.
28. tar: Archive files.
29. gzip/gunzip: Compress and decompress files.
30. tailf: Monitor log files in real-time.
31. head: Display the beginning of a file.
32. sort: Sort lines of text files.
33. wget: Download files from the web.
34. yum/apt-get: Package management utilities.
35. useradd/userdel: Manage user accounts.
36. passwd: Change user passwords.
37. su/sudo: Execute commands as other users or root.
38. date: Display or set the system date and time.
39. iptables/ufw: Configure firewall rules.
40. htop: Interactive process viewer.
41. systemctl: Manage system services (systemd-based systems).
42. journalctl: Query the systemd journal and event logs.
43. ss: Display socket statistics.
44. free: Display memory usage.
45. sar: Collect, report, or save system activity information.
46. dmidecode: Retrieve hardware information from the BIOS.
47. tcpdump: Network packet analyzer.
48. iostat: Report CPU and input/output statistics.
49. netcat: Network utility for reading/writing network connections.
50. rsnapshot: Incremental backup utility.

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Here are the top 50 Linux commands for securing a Linux server:

1. passwd: Change the password for a user account.
2. su: Switch to another user account.
3. sudo: This command allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user (normally the superuser, or root).
4. ufw: Set up a firewall to control incoming and outgoing traffic.
5. fail2ban: Protect against brute-force attacks by blocking IP addresses.
6. ssh: Securely connect to the server using SSH protocol.
7. ssh-keygen: Generate SSH key pairs for secure authentication.
8. iptables: Configure the firewall rules on a Linux server.
9. chmod: This command changes the permissions of a file or directory. It’s essential for setting the correct permissions to prevent unauthorized access.
10. chown: Change the owner of files and directories.
11. chgrp: Change the group ownership of files and directories.
12. find: Search for files and directories on the system.
13. grep: Search for patterns in files or command output.
14. ps: Display currently running processes.
15. netstat: Show network connections and listening ports.
16. top: Monitor system resources and running processes.
17. service: Start, stop, or restart system services.
18. systemctl: Control system services and check their status.
19. sshd_config: Edit the SSH server configuration file.
20. hosts.deny: Specify which IP addresses are denied access.
21. hosts.allow: Specify which IP addresses are allowed access.
22. logrotate: Manage log files and rotate them periodically.
23. securetty: List users and terminals authorized for login.
24. nmap: Scan for open ports and discover network services.
25. rkhunter: Detect and report rootkit and malware infections.
26. tripwire: Monitor file and directory integrity.
27. lynis: Security auditing and hardening tool.
28. openssl: Perform various cryptographic operations.
29. tcpdump: Capture network packets for analysis.
30. faillog: Display failed login attempts.
31. history: Show command history for each user.
32. ulimit: Set resource limits for processes.
33. sysctl: Modify kernel parameters at runtime.
34. apt-get: Package management tool for Debian-based systems.
35. yum: Package management tool for RPM-based systems.
36. lsblk: List information about block devices.
37. ifconfig: Configure and display network interfaces.
38. ping: Test network connectivity to a remote server.
39. traceroute: Trace the route packets take to a destination.
40. ss: Display socket statistics.
41. alias: Create custom command shortcuts.
42. setfacl: Set Access Control Lists for files and directories.
43. openssl: Generate and manage SSL/TLS certificates.
44. sshfs: Mount remote directories over SSH.
45. ntp: Synchronize system time with NTP servers.
46. ausearch: Search audit logs for security events.
47. sysstat: Collect and analyze system performance data.
48. passwdqc: Password quality checking and enforcement.
49. logwatch: Analyze and summarize system logs.
50. aide: File and directory integrity checker.

These commands will help you enhance the security of your Linux server.

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Linux commands cover a variety of tasks, from system monitoring to file management and user administration. Here’s a list of 50 Linux commands that are commonly used by administrators.

These commands cover a wide range of tasks and are essential for Linux administrators. Always make sure you understand the commands and their implications before using them, especially those that involve system changes.

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Here are the top 50 Linux commands that are commonly used by users:

1. ls: List files and directories.

ls

2. pwd: Print the current working directory.

pwd

3. cd: Change directory.

cd [directory]

4. cp: Copy files or directories.

cp [source] [destination]

5. mv: Move or rename files or directories.

mv [source] [destination]

6. rm: Remove/delete files or directories.

rm [file]

7. mkdir: Create a new directory.

mkdir [directory]

8. rmdir: Remove an empty directory.

rmdir [directory]

9. touch: Create an empty file or update the access and modification times.

touch [file]

10. cat: Display the content of a file.

cat [file]

11. nano: Text editor for creating and editing files.

nano [file]

12. vi or vim: Another text editor.

vi [file]

13. echo: Display a message or a variable.

echo [message]

14. grep: Search for a pattern in a file.

grep [pattern] [file]

15. ps: Display information about active processes.

ps

16. kill: Terminate a process.

kill [process_id]

17. chmod: Change file permissions.

chmod [permissions] [file]

18. chown: Change file ownership.

chown [owner:group] [file]

19. man: Display the manual for a command.

man [command]

20. top: Display and update sorted information about processes.

top

21. df: Display disk space usage.

df

22. du: Display file and directory space usage.

du [options] [file or directory]

23. cpuspeed: Display and change CPU speed and voltage settings.

cpuspeed

24. uname: Display system information.

uname -a

25. ifconfig: Display and configure network interfaces.

ifconfig

26. ping: Test network connectivity.

ping [host]

27. traceroute: Trace the route to a network server.

traceroute [host]

28. wget: Download files from the internet.

wget [URL]

29. tar: Compress and decompress files.

tar -zxvf [file.tar.gz]

30. zip/unzip: Compress and decompress files in ZIP format.

zip [archive.zip] [files]
unzip [archive.zip]

31. ssh: Connect to a remote server securely.

ssh [user]@[host]

32. scp: Copy files between local and remote machines.

scp [file] [user]@[host]:[destination]

33. sudo: Execute a command with administrative privileges.

sudo [command]

34. apt-get or yum: Package management commands for installing, updating, and removing software packages.

sudo apt-get install [package]
sudo yum install [package]

35. lsblk: List information about block devices.

lsblk

36. mount/unmount: Mount or unmount filesystems.

mount [device] [mount_point]
umount [mount_point]

37. find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy.

find [directory] -name [filename]

38. uptime: Display how long the system has been running.

uptime

39. history: Display command history.

history

40. date: Display or set the system date and time.

date

41. cal: Display a calendar.

cal

42. whoami: Display the current username.

whoami

43. passwd: Change user password.

passwd

44. useradd/userdel: Add or remove a user account.

sudo useradd [username]
sudo userdel [username]

45. groupadd/groupdel: Add or remove a group.

sudo groupadd [groupname]
sudo groupdel [groupname]

46. chmod: Change file permissions.

chmod [permissions] [file]

47. clear: Clear the terminal screen.

clear

48. shutdown/reboot: Shutdown or restart the system.

sudo shutdown now
sudo reboot

49. curl: Transfer data from or to a server.

curl [URL]

50. lsof: List open files and the processes that opened them.

lsof

These commands cover a wide range of functionalities, from managing files and directories, to user management, network configuration, and system information retrieval. They are fundamental to navigating and managing a Linux system effectively

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What is Linux?

Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an open-source operating system that was first developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is based on the Unix operating system and has since gained popularity due to its stability, flexibility, and security. Linux is used by millions of individuals and organizations worldwide and has become the backbone of many technological innovations.

What is top use cases of Linux?

Linux has a wide range of use cases across various industries. Some of the top use cases of Linux include:

• Web Servers: Linux is widely used as a platform for hosting websites and web applications. Popular web servers like Apache and Nginx are built on Linux.
• Cloud Computing: Linux is the preferred choice for cloud computing platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and Microsoft Azure. It provides scalability, reliability, and security for cloud-based applications.
• Data Centers: Linux powers many data centers around the world, handling massive amounts of data and providing high-performance computing capabilities.
• Embedded Systems: Linux is used in embedded systems like smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and IoT devices. Its small footprint, low power consumption, and flexibility make it ideal for these devices.
• Scientific Research: Linux is widely used in scientific research to perform complex computations, simulations, and data analysis. It provides researchers with a powerful and customizable environment.

What are feature of Linux?

Linux has a number of features that make it popular, including:

• Open Source: Linux is open source software, which means that the source code is freely available for anyone to inspect and modify. This makes Linux more secure and reliable than proprietary operating systems.
• Free: Linux is free to use and distribute. There are no licensing fees associated with Linux.
• Security: Linux is a secure operating system by default. It has a number of features that make it difficult for viruses and malware to infect the system.
• Lightweight: Linux is a lightweight operating system. It can run on older hardware and requires less memory than other operating systems.
• Stability: Linux is a stable operating system. It is rarely prone to crashes or other problems.
• Software Update: Linux has a regular software update cycle. This ensures that users have access to the latest security patches and bug fixes.
• Community Support: Linux has a large and active community of users and developers. This means that there is a lot of support available for Linux users.
• Software Portable: Linux software is portable, meaning that it can run on a variety of hardware platforms. This makes it easy to move your Linux environment to a new computer.
• Multiuser support: Linux allows multiple users to log in to the system and use it at the same time.
• Command line interface: Linux has a powerful command line interface that allows users to control the system and perform tasks.
• Graphical user interface: Linux also has a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides a more user-friendly interface.
• Wide range of software: There is a wide range of software available for Linux, including both free and commercial software.

What is the workflow of Linux?

The workflow of Linux involves several key components and processes. Here is a brief overview of the Linux workflow:

• Booting: When a Linux system starts up, the boot loader is loaded into memory and is responsible for initializing the kernel. The kernel then initializes the hardware and loads necessary drivers.
• Kernel: The kernel is the core of the Linux operating system. It manages system resources, such as memory, processes, and hardware devices. It provides an interface between the hardware and the software running on the system.
• Shell: The shell is the command line interface through which users interact with the operating system. It allows users to execute commands, run scripts, and manage files and directories.
• File System: Linux uses a hierarchical file system, where files and directories are organized in a tree-like structure. The root directory is denoted by a forward slash (“/”), and all other directories and files are located within this hierarchy.
• Processes: Linux is a multitasking operating system, which means it can run multiple processes simultaneously. Each process is assigned a unique process ID (PID) and has its own memory space.
• Networking: Linux provides robust networking capabilities, allowing users to connect to local and remote networks. It supports various network protocols and provides tools for configuring network settings.

How Linux Works & Architecture?

The architecture of the Linux operating system comprises key components, including the Kernel, System Library, Hardware layer, System, and Shell utility.

1. Kernel Overview: As a fundamental element of the operating system, the kernel plays a central role in overseeing major actions within the Linux OS. It encompasses various modules and interacts directly with the underlying hardware. The kernel provides essential abstractions to conceal low-level hardware or application program details from the system. Below, we outline some significant types of kernels.

• Monolithic Kernel
• Micro kernels
• Exo kernels
• Hybrid kernels

2. System Libraries: These specialized functions can be designated as system libraries, serving to implement the functionality of the operating system. They operate without requiring code access rights to the kernel’s modules.
3. System Utility Programs: These programs are tasked with carrying out specific and individualized activities at a specialized level.
4. Hardware Layer: Within the Linux operating system, the hardware layer encompasses various peripheral devices such as the CPU, HDD, and RAM.
5. Shell: It serves as a bridge between the kernel and the user, enabling access to kernel services. Accepting user commands, it executes kernel functions. Shells come in various types, found in different operating systems, broadly classified as graphical and command-line shells.

Graphical shells support a user-friendly interface, whereas command-line shells facilitate text-based interaction. Both types of shells carry out operations, but graphical user interface shells tend to operate at a slower pace compared to command-line interface shells.

Several shell types include:

• Korn shell
• Bourne shell
• C shell
• POSIX shell

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